If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them. The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their exam scores. In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables. If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable. To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if…then form. The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis.There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain: You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. To learn how to use these tools responsibly, see our AI writing resources page. TipAI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used to brainstorm potential hypotheses. Example: Formulating your hypothesisAttending more lectures leads to better exam results. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence. Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs. This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.Īt this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic. Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Example: Research questionDo students who attend more lectures get better exam results? Step 2. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. Proofread my paper Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect. In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause. Example: HypothesisDaily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of happiness. If there are any control variables, extraneous variables, or confounding variables, be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias will affect your results. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data). For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.Ī hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. non-probability samplingĪ hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find.
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